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American Constitutional Law

The companion website for American Constitutional Law edited by Ralph A. Rossum, G. Alan Tarr, Vincent Phillip Muñoz, and John C. Yoo

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This website supports the 12th edition of American Constitutional Law (Routledge, 2026), Volume I: The Structure of Government and Volume II: The Bill of Rights and Subsequent Amendments. It provides access to all previous cases that were in prior editions of American Constitutional Law but are no longer included in the 12th edition. The website also contains additional primary documents relevant to each chapter’s cases. Use the sidebar, the menu below, or the search bar to navigate to specific cases.

Volume I

Chapter 1: Interpretation of the Constitution

No online content

Chapter 2: Constitutional Adjudication

No online content

Chapter 3: The Judicial Power

The Power of Judicial Review

          1. Letter from Supreme Court Justices to President George Washington (1793)
          2. Calder v. Bull (1798)
          3. Stuart v. Laird (1803)
          4. President Andrew Jackson, Bank Veto Message (1832)
          5. Abraham Lincoln, Speech on the Dred Scott Decision (1857)
          6. Young v. United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils (1987)
          7. Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. (1995)

    Externally Imposed Restraints on Judicial Review (No online content)

    Court-Imposed Restraints on Judicial Review

            1. Frothingham v. Mellon (1923) 
            2. Baker v. Carr (1962) 
            3. Flast v. Cohen (1968)
            4. Allen v. Wright (1984) 
            5. U.S. Department of Commerce v. Montana (1992)
            6. Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation (2007)

    The Expanding Role of the Court (No online content)

    The Courts, Judicial Review, and the Problem of Legitimacy (No online content)

    Chapter 4: The Legislative Branch

    The Scope of Congressional Power

            1. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, Opinions on the Constitutionality of the National Bank (1791)
            2. United States v. Comstock (2010)

    Powers That Facilitate Legislative Activity (No online content)

    Nonlegislative Powers (No online content)

    Safeguarding Legislative Powers

            1. Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
            2. Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

    Chapter 5: The Executive Branch

    The Aims of the Framers (No online content)

    Immunity

            1. Clinton v. Jones (1997)

    Privilege (No online content)

    Control of Executive Branch Officers (No online content)

    Prerogative Powers

            1. Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address (1861)
            2. Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981)

    Impeachment and Removal

            1. Articles of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton (1998)

    Chapter 6: War and Foreign Affairs

    The Foreign-Affairs Powers

            1. Pacificus-Helvidius Debate (1793-94)
            2. Perpich v. Department of Defense (1990)

    War

            1. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
            2. Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)

    War and Individual Rights

            1. Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism (2001)
            2. Letter on Wiretapping by the National Security Agency (2005) 
            3. Congressional Research Service Memorandum on Warrantless Wiretapping (2006)

    Immigration (No online content)

    Chapter 7: Federalism

    Federalism and the Founding (No online content)

    Federalism and the First Congress (No online content)

    Federalism and the Marshall Court (No online content)

    Federalism and Its Protection by Subsequent Courts

            1. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
            2. Younger v. Harris (1971)
            3. National League of Cities v. Usery (1976)
            4. New York v. United States (1992)
            5. Tennessee v. Lane (2004)

    The Post-Civil War Amendment and the Shifting of the Federal Balance

            1. Patterson v. McLean Credit Union (1989)

    Federalism, Voting, and Elections

            1. Dunn v. Blumstein (1972) 
            2. Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004)

    Chapter 8: The Exercise of National Power

    The Commerce Power

            1. United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1895)
            2. United States v. Lopez (1995)

    The Taxing and Spending Powers

            1. United States v. Kahriger (1953) 

    Limitations on National Power

    Chapter 9: The Exercise of State Power

    Constitutional Principles (No online content)

    Preemption

            1. Goldstein v. California (1973)
            2. Pacific Gas & Electric Company v. State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission  (1983)

    Negative Implications of the Commerce Clause

            1. Dean Milk Company v. City of Madison (1951)

    State Regulation and the Modern Court

            1. Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc. v. Town of Harrison (1997)
            2. Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (2015)

    The Role of the Court (No online content)

    Chapter 10: The Constitution and Native American Tribes

    Native American Tribes and the New Republic (No online content)

    Tribal Sovereignty and the Marshall Trilogy (No online content)

    Tribal Self-Determination (No online content)

    Tribal Authority Over Disposition of Lands (No online content)

    Tribal Authority to Institute a Government  (No online content)

    Tribal Authority to Enter into Treaties (No online content)

    Tribal Authority to Administer Justice

            1. Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Company (2008)
            2. Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022)

    Tribal Authority to Engage in “Indian Gaming”

            1. Carcieri v. Salazar (2009)

    Chapter 11: The Contract Clause

    Marshall’s Expansion of the Contract Clause

            1. Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance (1795)

    The Decline of the Contract Clause (No online content)

    A Continued Relevance

            1. Flushing National Bank v. Municipal  Assistance Corporation (1976)
            2. Buffalo Teachers Federation v. Tobe (2006) 
            3. Taylor v. City of Gadsden (2013)

    Chapter 12: Economic Due Process and the Takings Clause

    The Fourteenth Amendment (No online content)

    The Evisceration (and Possible Recent Restoration?) of the Privileges or Immunities Clause

            1. Saenz v. Roe (1999)

    Economic Regulation and the Rise of Substantive Due Process

            1. Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923)

    The Demise of Substantive Due Process in the Economic Realm

            1. TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp. (1993)

    The Emergence of Substantive Due Process in the Civil Liberties Realm (No online content)

    What is a Taking?

            1. Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)
            2. Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (2002)
            3. Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District (2013)
            4. Horne v. Department of Agriculture (2015)
            5. Sheetz v. County of El Dorado, California (2024)

    What is a Public Purpose? (No online content)

    Volume I Chapter 3: The Judicial Power

    1. Chapter 3: The Judicial Power
      1. The Power of Judicial Review
        1. Letter from Supreme Court Justices to President George Washington (1793)
        2. Calder v. Bull (1798)
        3. Stuart v. Laird (1803)
        4. President Andrew Jackson, Bank Veto Message (1832)
        5. Abraham Lincoln, Speech on the Dred Scott Decision (1857)
        6. Young v. United States ex rel. Vuitton et Fils (1987)
        7. Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. (1995)
      2. Externally Imposed Restraints on Judicial Review (No online content)
      3. Court-Imposed Restraints on Judicial Review
        1. Frothingham v. Mellon (1923) 
        2. Baker v. Carr (1962) 
        3. Flast v. Cohen (1968)
        4. Allen v. Wright (1984) 
        5. U.S. Department of Commerce v. Montana (1992)
      4. The Expanding Role of the Court (No online content)
      5. The Courts, Judicial Review, and the Problem of Legitimacy (No online content)

    Volume I Chapter 4: The Legislative Branch

    1. Chapter 4: The Legislative Branch
      1. The Scope of Congressional Power
        1. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, Opinions on the Constitutionality of the National Bank (1791)
        2. United States v. Comstock (2010)
      2. Powers That Facilitate Legislative Activity (No online content)
      3. Nonlegislative Powers (No online content)
      4. Safeguarding Legislative Powers
        1. Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
        2. Clinton v. City of New York (1998)

    Volume I Chapter 5: The Executive Branch

    1. Chapter 5: The Executive Branch
      1. The Aims of the Framers (No online content)
      2. Immunity
        1. Clinton v. Jones (1997)
      3. Privilege (No online content)
      4. Control of Executive Branch Officers (No online content)
      5. Prerogative Powers
        1. Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address (1861)
        2. Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981)
      6. Impeachment and Removal
        1. Articles of Impeachment Against William Jefferson Clinton (1998)

    Volume I Chapter 6: War and Foreign Affairs

    1. Chapter 6: War and Foreign Affairs
      1. The Foreign-Affairs Powers
        1. Pacificus-Helvidius Debate (1793-94)
        2. Perpich v. Department of Defense (1990)
      2. War
        1. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)
        2. Authorization for Use of Military Force (2001)
      3. War and Individual Rights
        1. Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism (2001)
        2. Letter on Wiretapping by the National Security Agency (2005) 
        3. Congressional Research Service Memorandum on Warrantless Wiretapping (2006)
      4. Immigration (No online content)

    Volume I Chapter 7: Federalism

    1. Chapter 7: Federalism
      1. Federalism and the Founding (No online content)
      2. Federalism and the First Congress (No online content)
      3. Federalism and the Marshall Court (No online content)
      4. Federalism and Its Protection by Subsequent Courts
        1. Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
        2. Younger v. Harris (1971)
        3. National League of Cities v. Usery (1976)
        4. New York v. United States (1992)
        5. Tennessee v. Lane (2004)
      5. The Post-Civil War Amendment and the Shifting of the Federal Balance
        1. Patterson v. McLean Credit Union (1989)
      6. Federalism, Voting, and Elections
        1. Dunn v. Blumstein (1972) 
        2. Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004)

    Volume I Chapter 8: The Exercise of National Power

    1. Chapter 8: The Exercise of National Power
      1. The Commerce Power
        1. United States v. E.C. Knight Company (1895)
        2. United States v. Lopez (1995)
      2. The Taxing and Spending Powers
        1. United States v. Kahriger (1953) 
      3. Limitations on National Power

    Volume I Chapter 9: The Exercise of State Power

    1. Chapter 9: The Exercise of State Power
      1. Constitutional Principles (No online content)
      2. Preemption
        1. Goldstein v. California (1973)
        2. Pacific Gas & Electric Company v. State Energy Resources Conservation and Development Commission  (1983)
      3. Negative Implications of the Commerce Clause
        1. Dean Milk Company v. City of Madison (1951)
      4. State Regulation and the Modern Court
        1. Camps Newfound/Owatonna, Inc. v. Town of Harrison (1997)
        2. Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne (2015)
      5. The Role of the Court (No online content)

    Volume I Chapter 10: The Constitution and Native American Tribes

    1. Chapter 10: The Constitution and Native American Tribes
      1. Native American Tribes and the New Republic (No online content)
      2. Tribal Sovereignty and the Marshall Trilogy (No online content)
      3. Tribal Self-Determination (No online content)
      4. Tribal Authority Over Disposition of Lands (No online content)
      5. Tribal Authority to Institute a Government  (No online content)
      6. Tribal Authority to Enter into Treaties (No online content)
      7. Tribal Authority to Administer Justice
        1. Plains Commerce Bank v. Long Family Land and Cattle Company (2008)
        2. Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta (2022)
      8. Tribal Authority to Engage in “Indian Gaming”
        1. Carcieri v. Salazar (2009)

    Volume I Chapter 11: The Contract Clause

    1. Chapter 11: The Contract Clause
      1. Marshall’s Expansion of the Contract Clause
        1. Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance (1795)
      2. The Decline of the Contract Clause (No online content)
      3. A Continued Relevance
        1. Flushing National Bank v. Municipal  Assistance Corporation (1976)
        2. Buffalo Teachers Federation v. Tobe (2006) 
        3. Taylor v. City of Gadsden (2013)

    Volume I Chapter 12: Economic Due Process and the Takings Clause

    1. Chapter 12: Economic Due Process and the Takings Clause
      1. The Fourteenth Amendment (No online content)
      2. The Evisceration (and Possible Recent Restoration?) of the Privileges or Immunities Clause
        1. Saenz v. Roe (1999)
      3. Economic Regulation and the Rise of Substantive Due Process
        1. Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923)
      4. The Demise of Substantive Due Process in the Economic Realm
        1. TXO Production Corp. v. Alliance Resources Corp. (1993)
      5. The Emergence of Substantive Due Process in the Civil Liberties Realm (No online content)
      6. What is a Taking?
        1. Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)
        2. Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (2002)
        3. Koontz v. St. Johns River Water Management District (2013)
        4. Horne v. Department of Agriculture (2015)
        5. Sheetz v. County of El Dorado, California (2024)
      7. What is a Public Purpose? (No online content)

    Volume II

    1. Chapter 1: Interpretation of the Constitution
      1. No online content
    2. Chapter 2: Constitutional Adjudication
      1. No online content
    3. Chapter 3: Rights Under the Constitution
      1. Rights and the Founding (No online content)
      2. The Fourteenth Amendment (No online content)
      3. Due Process and the Bill of Rights (No online content)
      4. Rights During Wartime and Other Emergencies
        1. Ex parte Milligan (1866)
        2. Korematsu v. United States (1944)
        3. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)
        4. Boumediene v. Bush (2008)
        5. Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020)
    4. Chapter 4: Economic Due Process and the Takings Clause
      1. See Volume 1, Chapter 12
    5. Chapter 5: Freedom of Speech, Press, and Association
      1. The Meaning of the First Amendment (No online content)
      2. First Amendment Standards 
        1. Barenblatt v. United States (1959)
      3. Student Speech and Expression
        1. Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
        2. Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
      4. Political Expression
        1. Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010)
      5. The Regulation of Speech
        1. Adderley v. Florida (1966)
        2. Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party (1978) 
        3. Hill v. Colorado (2000) 
        4. Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
        5. Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc. (2015)
        6. Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (2018)
        7. Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)
      6. Restraints on the Press
        1. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
        2. FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
        3. Memorandum Opinion and Order, Federal Communications Commission (1987)
        4. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (1994)
        5. Murthy v. Missouri (2024)
      7. Libel and the Invasion of Privacy (No online content)
      8. Obscenity and Violence
        1. Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
        2. Cohen v. California (1971)
        3. New York v. Ferber (1982) 
        4. Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
        5. Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
        6. United States v. Stevens (2010)
      9. The Regulation of Associations
        1. Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)
    6. Chapter 6: Freedom of Religion
      1. Establishment of Religion
        1. McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
        2. Engle v. Vitale (1962)
        3. Tilton v. Richardson (1971)
        4. Lynch v. Donnelly (1984) 
        5. Mueller v. Allen (1983) 
        6. Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993)
        7. Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
        8. Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
        9. McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union (2005)
        10. Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
        11. Shurtleff v. City of Boston (2022) – Gorsuch’s concurrence 
      2. Free Exercise of Religion
        1. Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
        2. Katz v. Superior Court (1977)
        3. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988) 
        4. Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993
        5. City of Boerne v. Flores, Archbishop of San Antonio (1997)
        6. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014)
        7. Trinity Lutheran  v. Comer (2017)
        8. Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018)
    7. Chapter 7: Criminal Procedure
      1. The Ex Post Facto Clause (No online content)
      2. Search and Seizure
        1. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents (1971) 
        2. New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
        3. Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995)
        4. National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab (1989) 
        5. Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000)
        6. Riley v. California (2014) 
        7. Los Angeles v. Patel (2015)
      3. Self-Incrimination and Coerced Confessions
        1. Harris v. New York (1971) 
        2. Dickerson v. United States (2000) 
        3. United States v. Leon (1984)
      4. Due Process of Law (No online content)
      5. The Right to Counsel
        1. Faretta v. California (1975) 
        2. Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States (1989) 
      6. The Insanity Defense
        1. Clark v. Arizona (2006) 
      7. The Entrapment Defense
        1. Jacobson v. United States (1992) 
      8. Trial by Jury (No online content)
      9. The Right to Confrontation
        1. Coy v. Iowa (1988)
        2. Davis v. Washington (2006)
      10. Plea Bargaining (No online content)
      11. Bail and Pretrial Detention
        1. Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
      12. Cruel and Unusual Punishment
        1. Robinson v. California (1962) 
        2. Woodson v. North Carolina (1976)
        3. Roberts v. Louisiana (1976) 
        4. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987)
        5. Stanford v. Kentucky (1989)
        6. Payne v. Tennessee (1991)
      13. Prisoners’ Rights
        1. Turner v. Safley (1987)
      14. Retroactive Application of Criminal Procedure Guarantees (No online content)
      15. Basic Themes in the Court’s Criminal Procedure Decisions (No online content)
    8. Chapter 8: Equality and Racial Discrimination
      1. Race and the Founding
        1. Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives, January [13] 1777
        2. Pennsylvania, Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (1780)
        3. Rhode Island Act Authorizing the Manumission of Negros, Mulattoes, and Others and the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (1784)
        4. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Henri Gregoire (1809)
        5. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Edward Coles (1814)
        6. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes (1820)
        7. George Washington, Letter to Robert Morris, April 12, 1786
        8. Alexander Hamilton, Letter to John Jay, March 14, 1779
      2. Racial Desegregation and the Equal Protection Clause
        1. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968)
        2. Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
      3. Private Discrimination and the Concept of State Action
        1. Palmore v. Sidoti (1984)
      4. Proof of Discrimination: Disparate Treatment Versus Disparate Impact
        1. Washington v. Davis (1976)
        2. Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (1977)
        3. Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989)
        4. The Civil Rights Act of 1991
      5. Racial Discrimination in Jury Trials and Prisons
        1. Georgia v. McCollum (1992)
        2. Johnson v. California (2005)
      6. Race, Representative, and the Fifteenth Amendment
        1. Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
        2. Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
        3. Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966)
        4. Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004)
    9. Chapter 9: Substantive Equal Protection
      1. The Two-Tier Approach (No online content)
      2. The Development of an Intermediate Level of Review (No online content)
      3. Suspect Classifications
        1. Lyndon Bains Johnson, Executive Order No. 11246, “Equal Employment Opportunity” (1965)
        2. Donald J. Trump, Executive Order “Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity” (2025)
        3. Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1976)
        4. Fullilove v. Klutznick (1980) 
        5. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
        6. Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) 
        7. Foley v. Connelie (1978)
        8. Trimble v. Gordon (1977)
        9. Los Angeles Department of Water and Power v. Manhart (1978)
      4. Fundamental Rights
        1. Nordlinger v. Hahn (1992) 
        2. Armour v. Indianapolis (2012)
      5. The Future of Equal-Protection Analysis
    10. Chapter 10: The Right to Privacy, Personal Autonomy, and Dignity
      1. The Constitutional Basis (No online content)
      2. What the Right to Privacy Protects
        1. Doe v. Bolton (1973)
        2. Harris v. McRae (1980)
        3. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
        4. Stenberg v. Carhart (2000) 
        5. Paul v. Davis (1976) 
        6. Doe v. Commonwealth’s Attorney for the City of Richmond (1975)
        7. Dronenburg v. Zech (1984) 
        8. Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) 
        9. Romer v. Evans (1996) 
        10. Defense of Marriage Act of 1996
        11. Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003) 
        12. Perry v. Brown (2012) 
        13. In re Marriage Cases (2008)
        14. Abraham Lincoln, Speech on the Dred Scott Decision (1857)
      3. Personal Autonomy and the Right to Die
        1. The Matter of Karen Ann Quinlan (1976)

    Volume II Chapter 3: Rights Under the Constitution

    1. Chapter 3: Rights Under the Constitution
      1. Rights and the Founding (No online content)
      2. The Fourteenth Amendment (No online content)
      3. Due Process and the Bill of Rights (No online content)
      4. Rights During Wartime and Other Emergencies
        1. Ex parte Milligan (1866)
        2. Korematsu v. United States (1944)
        3. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)
        4. Boumediene v. Bush (2008)
        5. Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020)

    Volume II Chapter 4: Economic Due Process and the Takings Clause

    See Volume 1, Chapter 12: Economic Due Process and the Takings Clause.

    Volume II Chapter 5: Freedom of Speech, Press, and Association

    1. Chapter 5: Freedom of Speech, Press, and Association
      1. The Meaning of the First Amendment (No online content)
      2. First Amendment Standards 
        1. Barenblatt v. United States (1959)
      3. Student Speech and Expression
        1. Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
        2. Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
      4. Political Expression
        1. Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project (2010)
      5. The Regulation of Speech
        1. Adderley v. Florida (1966)
        2. Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party (1978) 
        3. Hill v. Colorado (2000) 
        4. Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
        5. Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc. (2015)
        6. Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (2018)
        7. Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky (2018)
      6. Restraints on the Press
        1. Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
        2. FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
        3. Memorandum Opinion and Order, Federal Communications Commission (1987)
        4. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (1994)
        5. Murthy v. Missouri (2024)
      7. Libel and the Invasion of Privacy (No online content)
      8. Obscenity and Violence
        1. Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
        2. Cohen v California (1971)
        3. New York v. Ferber (1982) 
        4. Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
        5. Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
        6. United States v. Stevens (2010)
      9. The Regulation of Associations
        1. Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta (2021)

    Volume II Chapter 6: Freedom of Religion

    1. Chapter 6: Freedom of Religion
      1. Establishment of Religion
        1. McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
        2. Engle v. Vitale (1962)
        3. Tilton v. Richardson (1971)
        4. Lynch v. Donnelly (1984) 
        5. Mueller v. Allen (1983) 
        6. Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993)
        7. Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
        8. Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
        9. McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union (2005)
        10. Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
        11. Shurtleff v. City of Boston (2022) – Gorsuch’s concurrence 
      2. Free Exercise of Religion
        1. Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
        2. Katz v. Superior Court (1977)
        3. Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988) 
        4. Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993
        5. City of Boerne v. Flores, Archbishop of San Antonio (1997)
        6. Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014)
        7. Trinity Lutheran  v. Comer (2017)
        8. Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018)

    Volume II Chapter 7: Criminal Procedure

    1. Chapter 7: Criminal Procedure
      1. The Ex Post Facto Clause (No online content)
      2. Search and Seizure
        1. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents (1971) 
        2. New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)
        3. Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995)
        4. National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab (1989) 
        5. Indianapolis v. Edmond (2000)
        6. Riley v. California (2014) 
        7. Los Angeles v. Patel (2015)
      3. Self-Incrimination and Coerced Confessions
        1. Harris v. New York (1971) 
        2. Dickerson v. United States (2000) 
        3. United States v. Leon (1984)
      4. Due Process of Law (No online content)
      5. The Right to Counsel
        1. Faretta v. California (1975) 
        2. Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States (1989) 
      6. The Insanity Defense
        1. Clark v. Arizona (2006) 
      7. The Entrapment Defense
        1. Jacobson v. United States (1992) 
      8. Trial by Jury (No online content)
      9. The Right to Confrontation
        1. Coy v. Iowa (1988)
        2. Davis v. Washington (2006)
      10. Plea Bargaining (No online content)
      11. Bail and Pretrial Detention
        1. Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984
      12. Cruel and Unusual Punishment
        1. Robinson v. California (1962) 
        2. Woodson v. North Carolina (1976)
        3. Roberts v. Louisiana (1976) 
        4. McCleskey v. Kemp (1987)
        5. Stanford v. Kentucky (1989)
        6. Payne v. Tennessee  (1991)
      13. Prisoners’ Rights
        1. Turner v. Safley (1987)
      14. Retroactive Application of Criminal Procedure Guarantees (No online content)
      15. Basic Themes in the Court’s Criminal Procedure Decisions (No online content)

    Volume II Chapter 8: Equality and Racial Discrimination

    1. Chapter 8: Equality and Racial Discrimination
      1. Race and the Founding
        1. Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of Representatives, January [13] 1777
        2. Pennsylvania, Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (1780)
        3. Rhode Island Act Authorizing the Manumission of Negros, Mulattoes, and Others and the Gradual Abolition of Slavery (1784)
        4. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Henri Gregoire (1809)
        5. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Edward Coles (1814)
        6. Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes (1820)
        7. George Washington, Letter to Robert Morris, April 12, 1786
        8. Alexander Hamilton, Letter to John Jay, March 14, 1779
      2. Racial Desegregation and the Equal Protection Clause
        1. Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968)
        2. Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
      3. Private Discrimination and the Concept of State Action
        1. Palmore v. Sidoti (1984)
      4. Proof of Discrimination: Disparate Treatment Versus Disparate Impact
        1. Washington v. Davis (1976)
        2. Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. (1977)
        3. Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989)
        4. The Civil Rights Act of 1991
      5. Racial Discrimination in Jury Trials and Prisons
        1. Georgia v. McCollum (1992)
        2. Johnson v. California (2005)
      6. Race, Representative, and the Fifteenth Amendment
        1. Wesberry v. Sanders (1964)
        2. Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
        3. Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966)
        4. Vieth v. Jubelirer (2004)

    Volume II Chapter 9: Substantive Equal Protection

    1. Chapter 9: Substantive Equal Protection
      1. The Two-Tier Approach (No online content)
      2. The Development of an Intermediate Level of Review (No online content)
      3. Suspect Classifications
        1. Lyndon Bains Johnson, Executive Order No. 11246, “Equal Employment Opportunity” (1965)
        2. Donald J. Trump, Executive Order “Ending Illegal Discrimination and Restoring Merit-Based Opportunity” (2025)
        3. Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1976)
        4. Fullilove v. Klutznick (1980) 
        5. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
        6. Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) 
        7. Foley v. Connelie (1978)
        8. Trimble v. Gordon (1977)
        9. Los Angeles Department of Water and Power v. Manhart (1978)
      4. Fundamental Rights
        1. Nordlinger v. Hahn (1992) 
        2. Armour v. Indianapolis (2012)
      5. The Future of Equal-Protection Analysis (No online content)

    Volume II Chapter 10: The Right to Privacy, Personal Autonomy, and Dignity

    1. Chapter 10: The Right to Privacy, Personal Autonomy, and Dignity
      1. The Constitutional Basis (No online content)
      2. What the Right to Privacy Protects
        1. Doe v. Bolton (1973)
        2. Harris v. McRae (1980)
        3. Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989)
        4. Stenberg v. Carhart (2000) 
        5. Paul v. Davis (1976) 
        6. Doe v. Commonwealth’s Attorney for the City of Richmond (1975)
        7. Dronenburg v. Zech (1984) 
        8. Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) 
        9. Romer v. Evans (1996) 
        10. Defense of Marriage Act of 1996
        11. Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2003) 
        12. Perry v. Brown (2012) 
        13. In re Marriage Cases (2008)
        14. Abraham Lincoln, Speech on the Dred Scott Decision (1857)
      3. Personal Autonomy and the Right to Die
        1. The Matter of Karen Ann Quinlan (1976) 

    Volume II Chapter 3: Rights Under the Constitution

    Chapter 3: Rights Under the Constitution

    1. Rights and the Founding (No online content)
    2. The Fourteenth Amendment (No online content)
    3. Due Process and the Bill of Rights (No online content)
    4. Rights During Wartime and Other Emergencies
      1. Ex parte Milligan (1866)
      2. Korematsu v. United States (1944)
      3. Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)
      4. Boumediene v. Bush (2008)
      5. Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo (2020)